SFP最早由Tronick等[14]首次提出,通过3~5 min的行为学录像观察儿童在挫折情景下的行为表现,用于评估儿童的情绪调节能力、社会互动行为以及社交期待等[4-6],同时也可以评估母婴互动风格[3]。而且,SFP是一种相对标准化的行为学试验,可操作性强,特别适合将其引入ASD早期行为观察研究。2015年,Ostfeld-Etzion等[7]在ASD患儿中运用SFP,发现在静止期ASD患儿消极行为增加、积极行为降低等现象比正常儿童更为突出。
本研究发现当母亲中止互动表现出静止脸时,正常儿童会通过更多有意义语言及伴随目光注视的发声行为来唤起母亲互动,ASD患儿则表现出更少的有意义语言及朝向人发声行为、更长时间朝向物发声行为,这一定程度上可以反映ASD患儿识别挫折情境的困难。Lambert-Brown等[6]通过前瞻性研究发现,SFP下ASD患儿在5~7月龄时已表现出情感表达的明显异常。本研究发现,与正常儿童相比,ASD患儿在SFP静止期存在时长更短且频率更低的有意义语言发声行为,体现了ASD患儿语言发育进程的延迟[10,16]及社会互动能力的缺损[1];引入目光注视探讨ASD患儿在SFP静止期发声行为的质量,发现ASD患儿在挫折情境下发声质量不佳,存在时长更短且频率更低的朝向人发声以及时长更长的朝向物发声行为,这与既往研究存有不一致的地方[10,15]。既往研究普遍支持ASD朝向人发声行为明显减少,朝向物发声行为与正常儿童无差异。Chericoni等[10]通过回顾性分析家庭视频录像发现,12~18月龄ASD患儿发声行为明显伴有更少的目光注视,朝向物发声行为与正常儿童无明显差异。Ozonoff等[15]通过前瞻性研究分析6~36月龄行为学观察视频发现,12~36月龄ASD患儿表现显著减少的朝向人发声行为,朝向物体的发声及注视物体的频率在任何时间点均无明显异常。朝向物发声行为出现的差异可能由于本研究采用在社交挫折情境而非正常互动情境所致,这体现了类似SFP这类挫折情境可突显ASD早期交流能力的异常。此外,发声行为是否伴有目光注视也可反映ASD患儿在面对挫折情境时的情绪调节策略,正常儿童面对挫折情境时常采取积极的情绪调节策略,如尝试与母亲积极互动试图重新唤起母亲的注意力;ASD患儿在面对挫折情境时表现出更消极的情绪调节策略,体现在更少的朝向人发声行为及更多的朝向物发声行为[18]。然而目前有关ASD发声行为与情绪调节策略的研究相对较少,仍需进一步论证。
本研究发现,ASD患儿的适应性、精细动作、语言、个人-社交等发育水平均显示落后,与既往研究一致,即ASD患儿存在异常的发育轨迹[19]。本研究中年龄与发声行为不存在相关性,发育水平仅影响SFP静止期发声行为的个别指标,但不具有代表性,这也就是说生理年龄的差异以及发育水平的异常不能与SFP下ASD患儿发声行为的特征联系。在SFP静止期,除有意义语言外,ASD总发声、非语言发声、呀呀学语、朝向人发声及朝向物发声行为的时长越短、频率越低,ADOS各个维度的得分便越高,表明在挫折情境下,发声行为的异常与ASD症状严重程度相关,发声时长越短及发声频率越低与更为严重的ASD症状相联系,这与既往研究一致[16]。ASD患儿的总发声频率越高,说明ADOS语言和沟通维度得分越低;朝向人发声时长越长,说明ADOS相互性社会互动维度得分越低,这一结果提示在SFP静止期,可以通过总发声频率以及朝向人发声时长预测ASD症状严重程度。本研究未发现在SFP静止期有意义语言发声行为与ASD症状严重程度的相关性,这可能反映在SFP下有意义语言发声行为并非衡量ASD症状严重程度的有效行为指标,这一结果也可能是受限于SFP时长较短所致。
综上,运用SFP可发现2岁前ASD患儿存在有意义语言及朝向人发声的发声时长更短、发声频率更低,朝向物发声时长更长的发声行为特征。在SFP静止期更少的发声行为与更严重的ASD症状相联系,总发声频率及有意义语言发声时长可以预测ASD症状严重程度,提示社交挫折情境下ASD患儿的发声行为是重要的行为学指标。目前已有研究指出,SFP具有较好的临床应用价值,利用SFP视频反馈的方法可为ASD家长提供养育支持[20]。本研究从ASD发声行为的角度,对SFP的临床应用价值提供一定理论支持。本研究存有一定局限:近年来研究发现,母亲的行为影响亲子互动的质量,母亲患有心理精神障碍影响儿童在SFP下行为表现[21-22],未来研究需要将母亲的行为纳入到研究中;此外,ASD组发育水平普遍落后,为控制两组儿童发育水平平衡,入组时ASD组年龄较TD组偏大。未来的研究方向是扩大样本量,以期在控制年龄及发育水平的条件下对研究结果进一步拓展及验证。
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