cIAI在临床中包括一大类疾病,在世界范围内均为一种多发病,是最常见的外科感染之一[14]。HA-cIAI与CA-cIAI相比通常有更高的病死率,HA-cIAI患者病死率较高的原因可能是住院患者身体状况更差以及合并症对预后的影响所致[15-16]。目前研究结果显示,大部分的HA-cIAI发生在住院期间行腹部手术的患者中[17],因为手术后患者很可能并发有营养不良、肠道菌群失调及免疫功能低下[18],导致该类患者有较高的发病率,并影响患者预后致使病死率上升。
本研究通过回顾性分析2011年11月—2016年7月143例CA-cIAI及216例HA-cIAI患者的临床资料,发现HA-cIAI患者以≥60岁的中老年人群为主,平均年龄要明显高于CA-cIAI患者,考虑与该类人群通常合并有慢性基础疾病、免疫功能低下有关,以致在住院期间容易发生感染。对比分析两组患者的原发病,HA-cIAI主要发生于腹部恶性肿瘤患者中,其中以消化道肿瘤最常见,其次为肝胆肿瘤,主要考虑与该类患者本身大多合并有营养不良及免疫力低下有关,有研究显示,胃癌行根治性胃切除术后并发IAI的概率为3.5%[19],肝癌行根治术后并发IAI的概率甚至可高达34%[20]。
将111例CA-cIAI及198例HA-cIAI住院期间行腹部手术患者的各项治疗情况进行对比分析,结果显示HA-cIAI大部分患者的手术持续时间要比CA-cIAI患者长;HA-cIAI术中出血量较多的患者比例明显也要高于CA-cIAI,考虑与HA-cIAI患者手术时间长和组织创伤较大有关。有研究[21-22]报道行胰十二指肠切除术后并发IAI是术后出血的独立危险因素。既往研究结果显示,手术持续时间长是胃癌手术后患者发生IAI的独立危险因素[19],手术时间延长会增加细菌与损伤组织的暴露时间,降低组织中抗菌药物的浓度,从而增加了患者的易感性[23];此外,手术时间的延长与外科医生缺乏经验、技术水平低下或手术过程中出现事故密切相关,因此在保证手术疗效的基础上应尽可能缩短手术时间,减少术后cIAI的发生。HA-cIAI患者长时间留置腹腔引流管、住院期间留置导尿管及留置时间较长的患者比例均明显高于CA-cIAI患者,考虑与HA-cIAI患者在住院期间行腹部手术比例高、病情较严重及住院时间较长有关。留置腹腔引流管可引流出手术渗出液,减少毒素的吸收,有助于预防腹腔脓肿的发生[24],但需要警惕的是腹腔引流管作为异物,如果护理欠佳会成为一个潜在感染灶,既往有研究[25-26]报告肝癌切除术后长时间留置腹腔引流管是患者术后合并感染的独立危险因素。HA-cIAI术前使用抗菌药物的概率要高于CA-cIAI,这与既往报道的术前使用抗菌药物是手术患者发生医院感染的危险因素结果相似[27],术前使用抗菌药物可能会导致耐药菌的产生,临床医师需严格掌握预防性使用抗菌药物指征和围手术期预防应用抗菌药物的指征[28]。同时对比分析两组患者的部分检验结果,结果显示HA-cIAI患者平均HGB要明显低于CA-cIAI,考虑与HA-cIAI患者大部分患有腹部恶性肿瘤,并且年龄较大,这类患者一般进食较差,肠道吸收功能欠佳有关,因此对于HGB较低的住院患者需警惕HA-cIAI的发生。
进一步将相关指标进行多因素回归分析发现住院时间≥15 d及患有腹部恶性肿瘤是HA-cIAI的独立危险因素。住院时间长会导致患者在医院接触病原菌的机会增多,并且住院时间长常伴有抗菌药物的不合理使用,容易形成耐药菌株,导致菌群失调从而发生二重感染,大部分患有腹部恶性肿瘤的患者住院期间行腹部手术治疗,甚至行放化疗,导致机体免疫功能极度低下,会成为各种病原菌攻击的对象。因此临床医师尤其需要重视预防此类患者住院期间发生HA-cIAI,以期降低cIAI的发病率。
综上所述,中老年患者、腹部恶性肿瘤患者、住院时间长及手术持续时间长、术中出血量大、留置腹腔引流管时间长、留置导尿管及留置时间长、术前使用抗菌药物患者是HA-cIAI的高危人群,对于这部分患者需警惕HA-cIAI的发生。特别是住院时间≥15 d及患有腹部恶性肿瘤是HA-cIAI的独立危险因素,临床医师需了解HA-cIAI相关危险因素,根据情况采取有效的预防措施,警惕HA-cIAI的发生。本研究为一个单中心回顾性研究,需进行多中心、大样本的对照研究进一步验证,从而更好地为临床提供指导。
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